The liquid-vapor mixture leaving the turbine is finally condensed in
a condenser, the modeling of which is the subject of this guided
exploration.
Loading the model is done by opening the diagram file and a properly configured project file.
Click on the following link: Open a file in Thermoptim
You can also:
We find the components of the steam cycle, plus, at the bottom, the condenser.
Two processes-points represent the inlet and outlet of the river
water, the "river" exchange process corresponding to the heating of
the river water passing through the condenser.
An exchanger performs the thermal coupling between two fluids, one which cools, the other which heats up. In the diagram editor, this coupling appears in the form of the blue link between the "condenser" and "river" exchange processes. Double-clicking on this link opens the exchanger screen.
The heat exchanger calculation screen has in its central zone two parts, the one on the left for the hot fluid, and the one on the right for the cold fluid.
Besides values of temperatures, flow rates, specific heats and enthalpies involved, there appear constraints on temperatures and flow rates that serve to guide heat exchanger calculations by allowing one to distinguish from among the problem variables those that are set and those that have to be calculated.
The following are possible types of heat exchangers: counter-flow, parallel-flow, crossed flows, mixed or unmixed Cpmin or Cpmax, and (p-n).
By default, we will assume that it is a counter-flow heat exchanger, even if in reality we are closer to cross flows. This choice only plays a second order on the results that interest us here.
In the lower left corner, appear:
In the lower right corner, appear:
For the record, here is the condenser screen.
Let us take a look at its settings.
All the values concerning the hot fluid are known: its inlet and
outlet temperatures and its flow rate, which sets three constraints.
We considered that the temperature of the river upstream of the
condenser is known, which fixes a fourth. There is therefore only one
degree of freedom.
In this first example, we have set a minimum pinch of 7 ° C, and we
seek to determine the cooling water flow rate as well as the
temperature of the water being discharged into the river.
The efficiency is epsilon = 0.589, the number of transfer units is NTU
= 0.89, the heat capacity ratio is R = 0.01, and the product of the
exchange surface area by the exchange coefficient is UA = 168.8 kW /
K. The water flow of the river is equal to 45.2 kg / s. The LMTD
logarithmic mean temperature difference is 11.2 ° C. The discharge
temperature of the water is a little less than 20 ° C.
If we no longer set the minimum pinch, but for example an
effectiveness equal to 0.5, the result is the following:
Coolant flow rate and LMTD increased a bit, while UA and NTU decreased slightly.
It is also possible to set no longer the minimum pinch or
effectiveness , but the cooling water discharge temperature equal for
example to 15 ° C.
To do this, this value must be modified in the "river 2" point screen
and recalculated, then the exchanger must be set as unconstrained, the
temperature Tco being set and no longer calculated. The result
obtained is as follows:
The coolant flow rate almost doubled from the first case, and LMTD
increased further, while UA and NTU decreased.
The coolant flow rate almost doubled from the first case, and LMTD increased further, while UA and NTU decreased.
In all the previous settings, we had the cooling water flow
calculated. Now suppose we set it to 70 kg / s
To do this, you must modify this value in the screen of the "river 1"
process-point and recalculate it, then configure the exchanger as
unconstrained, the flow mf being imposed and no longer calculated. It
is of course necessary that the temperature Tfs be calculated and no
longer imposed. The result obtained is as follows:
As you can see, the exchanger can be calculated in various ways depending on the parameters you want to set. What matters is to make sure that five constraints are set.
Refer to volume 2 of the software package reference manual for all the
possible settings.
Note that the NTU method implemented in the Thermoptim core for the
calculation of heat exchangers can only determine the product UA of
the overall heat exchange coefficient U by the area A of the
exchanger, without the two terms being assessed separately.
To be able to go further and separate these two terms, it is necessary
to carry out what we call a technological design of the exchanger.
The guided exploration DTNN-1 shows you how to do it and allows you to
calculate the area A of an air-water heat exchanger.